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A for the 2011 cult Toro

The picture that heads this post is not a greeting card to use. Not much less, is gay. In the final analysis, the situation we currently have in Spain it is not, because, in fact, and in case anyone has forgotten, we are still living in state of alarm and, on the other hand, we have alarmed our social parameters , labor and economic.

A soaring unemployment levels, the elimination of subsidies, wage cuts, higher taxes and increased prices mercilessly, including The scandal of the light, make a series of vectors that break the ground of family economies of our country and plunge us into a new horizon, decadent and increasingly bleak. In addition, to top it off, delaying the retirement age and the increased number of contribution years for pension calculation.

A friend wanted me directly, "Happy 2015 ... or 2017, "which are the years where Rodriguez Zapatero has recently relocated his phlegmatic develop green shoots. Of course, first, and based on many "cups of coffee will have to face the impending 2011.

be a difficult year, but I am convinced that the days we go to prison themselves to be joyful. He, the Bull, will be delivered and we will give everything.

Alongside these moments, for the whole year, I hope that you will not miss work, health and respect you, if possible, a ...

............................. HAPPY 2011!
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. Lagun

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The

Since 2600 BC, about most of the geographical area of \u200b\u200bAegean Sea and was under the influence of the first civilization Europe, the Minoan , which had its seat on the island of Crete and from there controlled most of the islands and the mainland coast.

was around 1800 BC when an Indo-European people, known by tradition as the Achaeans , entered from the north in the Balkan Peninsula, was extended through the Peloponnese and, after dominating the inhabitants primitive civilization created Mycenaean , commonly called because it was in the city of Mycenae, where he erected his kingdom more important.

Both civilizations came to coexist, but in 1450 BC Minoan disappeared for reasons not yet specified in detail accurately, and was the Mycenaean happened to hold the supremacy in the region. Even by the epics, the Achaeans came to control the Dardanelles, on the coast of Asia Minor, the triumph of the troops commanded by King Agamemnon of Mycenae in the Trojan War.


specialized
According to some writers, there were other Indo-European peoples that time, were also settled in various parts of the Balkan peninsula, as the Ionians , which took hold in Attica, and the Aeolian that they did in Thessaly.

The domain of the Achaeans have lasted to 1200 BC, it was about this time that the Dorians , other Indo-over, they went from the north and imposed, among other circumstances, because they already mastered the technique of iron smelting and its armaments were significantly higher than bronze of the Achaeans. The principal place of seat of the Dorians was the Peloponnese, and Sparta its largest city.

difficult to determine if the input of each of these towns was to determine the displacement of, or if, as seems, there was some degree of fusion population. But in any case, it was under those tribal bases like they were forming the Hellenic population.

configuration adopted by their company at first was that of some independent kingdoms, which included a city dominated region as its centerpiece. And the form of government evolve from these early monarchies to a power exercised by aristocratic oligarchies which then led to the so-called " tyranny" and ended in most cases with regimens based on democracy, with the engine Athens and the example of the latter type of government.

Greek civilization was involved in an expansion process by all Mediterranean coastal areas, which led to the founding of a large number of colonies that contributed to the dissemination Hellenic culture and, as part of her, her religion.


Overview of religion in Greece

The earliest inhabitants of the Balkan peninsula and the Aegean islands have a Mediterranean culture, were farmers and, therefore, fertility rites officiated and related deities worshiped with farming. Instead, all the people that were invading the region were Indo-European culture and its pantheon of gods consisted divine heavenly. Thus, the Greek religion was forming in a long process of merger between the two types of worship, and finally characterized polytheistic, because were worshiped many gods, and also as anthropomorphic, as they represented the gods in human form and were endowed with the same characteristics, strengths and weaknesses than men, but their immortality and supernatural powers.


Among the major gods of religion in ancient Greece, most noteworthy is Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Hades, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, Hestia, Poseidon, and, above all Zeus, the supreme god, ruler of the gods, men and the world. All of them resided on the summit of Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. In addition, to a lesser extent these gods older, also had a number of secondary deities, on the other hand, heroes, all deaths, among which include Hercules, Theseus, Icarus and Perseus.

Another feature of Greek religion is that it lacked a holy book and therefore was not dogmatic. What he did have was a series of myths and legends about the nature of the world and its origins, on religious cults and ritual practices who officiated their gods, as well as the memorable actions of the heroes mentioned above. Together, these myths and legends formed the so-called Greek mythology.

have strong religious anthropomorphism in ancient Greece, where divine pantheon Toro is not listed as one of their gods. And, contrary to what was happening in other religions of antiquity, in the generality of the Greek gods and did not find the combination, combination or confusion of bull-man figures. However, in the mythology itself there are passages in which the god Dionysus bull figure appears to relate to the concept of fertility, or Eros adorned with a bull or horse and Poseidon associated with the bull, to relate to the concept power, and should not be forgotten that one of the attributes of Zeus was the Bull, as a symbol of power and fertility, and to kidnap Europe adopted the figure of a white bull.

What turns very common in Greek mythology is to find a bull in the actions of gods and heroes exploits, or related to the concept of beauty and inspiring women of love, or even as being mythological, individually speaking. Are many myths about it, but we can chain several of them to find all these assumptions.


Minos, who was the son of Zeus and Europe, asked Poseidon to support it was he, of all his brothers, the one chosen to succeed the king of Crete Asterion. Poseidon helped him, and Minos promised in gratitude that the animal sacrifice that God chose. Then, Poseidon the sea gave rise to a beautiful white bull, but Minos was amazed at the animal and, forgetting his promise, he hid from his herd and sacrificed another bull.

Upon hearing, Poseidon was enraged and decided to take revenge on Minos by his wife, Pasiphae. To do this, Poseidon Pasiphae inspired an irresistible desire for the white bull, and the queen, to satisfy his passion, turned to Daedalus, who built with wood figure of a hollow cow for Pasiphae it was introduced and, thus, could be mounted by the white bull. The result of this relationship was that Pasiphae zoophilic became pregnant and gave birth to a monster with the body of man and bull-headed: the Minotaur.

Given the enormity of being as well as their evil and voracious appetite for human flesh, King Minos ordered Daedalus to build an intricate maze in the center that would lock the Minotaur could not leave him.

Before long, a son of Minos was assassinated in Athens after becoming Olympic champion in a tournament. In revenge, the king of Crete attacked Athens, and it surrendered. Among the conditions imposed Minos to accept the surrender was to betray Athens to Crete annual tribute consisting of seven youths and seven maidens as a sacrifice to the Minotaur.

Where relevant the third installment of the tax, a son of the king of Athens named Theseus volunteered to be one of the boys offered to the Minotaur and, thus, able to face it and try to kill him. Once Theseus was taken to Crete, he fell in love with the daughter of King Minos, Ariadne, and planned a strategy to help her lover to kill the Minotaur and get back inside the maze. So Theseus attached to the door of a maze out of the ball of thread Ariadne had given him, and then introduced into its interior. Once he met the Minotaur, Theseus confronted him and managed to kill him with a magical sword that he had also as Ariadne. Then, picking up the thread of the ball, managed to make his way back and exit the maze.


are various legends that have been chained in the previous story, but you can still connect another one, in which the protagonist is the epitome of the heroes of Greek mythology: Hercules.

One of the twelve labors Hercules was commissioned to capture the Cretan Bull, which was precisely the beautiful white bull with which Pasiphae mated and, after that event, Poseidon was mad and started to wreak havoc in Crete.

Hercules and the Bull of Crete - Louis Tuaillon Hercules


moved to Crete and, after obtaining the permission of King Minos, found the bull by the island. Once you are located and confronted him, grabbing him by the horns, got still and submit. Then load on the shoulders, brought him to the mainland, the city of Mycenae, to give it to Eurystheus. This, from her ferocity, freed him and the bull began to cause damage wherever he went. After crossing the Isthmus of Corinth, the bull reached the plain of Marathon, where he finally killed the Athenian hero Theseus.


As occurred in the myth of the abduction of Europe by Zeus, that of Pasiphae is presenting us the bull associated with divinity, in this case to Poseidon, and an exponent of fertilizing power. Sacrifices


bull in Greek religion


simple way of notes of everything collected by Francisco J. Rill flowers in his book " Del Toro in Antiquity: animal worship, sacrifice, hunting and party " can say that the Toro lost as divine entity in the merger process between the religion of the earliest inhabitants of Greece and the Indo-European peoples that were invading, but remained associated mythological Zeus, Poseidon, Eros and Dionysus as a vestige of its former status of deity.

However, even though he forfeited the specific category of divinity, the bull remained a revered animal in the Greek region, since its most common and important ritual was the sacrifice and, within them, the bull was retained as the offering favorite of the gods. This listing

bull, far from being trivial, is of great religious significance. The sacrifice was a connecting link between the man with the divine, considering, first, as a ritual of purification, which gave a scapegoat to remove the impurities or the ills of the community and, secondly, as a ritual of communion in which the victim, the bull in our case, not only the sanctity granted, but was identified with the deity for the faithful, to feed on the flesh of the slaughtered animals pass to join this divinity.

Sometimes even, it reached the end of eating raw meat, as shown in orgiastic rituals dedicated to the god Dionysus and as is described in Euripides' tragedy The Bacchae .

The fact that the Greeks consider that the slain animal passed into the realm of the sacred becomes more obvious, if possible, with the analysis of Martin P. Nilsson in his book "History Greek Religion", where states that: although the animal's flesh, as a matter corrupt, consumed by the faithful, men are mortal and are condemned to putrefaction, the animal's skeleton, and does not decompose easily, is deemed to belong to the gods because they were immortal, and it was to them that I was offered this part of the animal, either in burial or cremation.

And if there were specific occasions or rituals in which animals could be selected pigs, lambs, sheep and dogs preferred by the Greeks to the sacrifices was, without doubt, the bull. In fact, slaughter most famous of all, called "catastrophe " it came to sacrifice up to a hundred cattle.


Bullfighting celebrations in Thessaly

Taurokathapsia Emboss - Ashmolean Museum in Oxford


is known that in the island of Crete was a bullfighting celebrations during the second millennium BC in which young people practice risky jumps bulls. What is not as popularly known is that a few thousand years later, there were also celebrations in Greece bullfighting. On the source a study Manuel Serrano Espinosa , professor at the University of Alicante, we will know the bullfights in Classical Greece were held in the region of Thessaly.

not know the exact name of the Crete bullfighting, however, thanks to the documentation of the classical period of Greece, we do know that bullfighting in Thessaly was called " Taurokathapsia ." And in regard to their chronology, the numismatic pieces that have survived indicate that taurokathapsia of Thessaly was held in the early V a. C., and it is possible that as far back as the seventh century BC
taurokathapsia Thessaly
The mode of celebration was a different bull bull jumps. First, it was not jumping on foot, but riders on the backs of their horses, bulls Enceladus at races and compliments that they intended to undermine the forces of the animal, then the horse to jump from the body of the bull, grabbing by the horns, trying to knock it down and break his neck. Once the lance, the bull's head was offered to the local deity as a symbol of power and offering fertility.


oldest literary testimony of Thessaly taurokathapsia what we Euripides, though it is an indirect reference, as it only mentions the skills of Thessaly in the dressage horse and the sacrifice of bulls. Heliodoro , however, provides a more detailed version of the celebration. Situates in Ethiopia, but the protagonist is a Thessalian name Theagenes that manages to bring down the bull, and then before an ecstatic audience, is presented to the Ethiopian king Hidapes to request and obtain the hand of his daughter.

Another testimony is that of Artemidorus , which advocates an Ionian origin of taurokathapsia. He says, came from Ephesus (see map of the second image) and expanded by the Attica, but also clarifies that where it was highlighted in Larissa, in Thessaly. Plato, meanwhile, describes a similar ceremony from Thrace, on the north coast of the Aegean.


The inscriptions are preserved as a group essential for the study of various aspects of these celebrations. Paradoxically, the first witness to its existence we do not come from Thessaly, but in Asia Minor (which might suggest some overlap with the statement of Artemidorus). However, the bulk of the inscriptions with this issue outside the region of Thessaly. And it is remarkable that all taurokathapsias would indicate that they were linked to local cults and attached to the religious sphere.


On the other hand, Numismatics provides several examples of these games gained popularity in Thessaly in the Classical period. Most of the coins date from the period 480-400 BC; important fact because indicates the length of such celebrations. On the coins we see a pattern that is repeated regularly: one side is the young rider at the moment to grab the bull by the horns and try to pass some kind of band between the antlers, while the reverse shows the horse galloping riderless with the inscription of the name "Larisa ."


On the back of some currencies is the image of the god Zeus Eleutherios, proving his allegiance to religious festivals where Eleutherios honored Zeus, Poseidon and Tauri.


Finally, indicate that remain two reliefs with representations of taurokathapsias. In one of them, from Smyrna, and is preserved in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, shows a full scene divided into different stages: the horse racing and dodging, jumping rider to hold on to the horns of the bull and the final outcome, the bull was shot down. In contrast, the other highlight, which is preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, only displays the time in which the rider is thrown from his mount and is clinging to the horns of the animal.


Undoubtedly, the taurokathapsia of the classical period of Greece Crete bullfighting differ in several aspects of its implementation, and can not be said that has its direct antecedent in Crete, but there is an element common: all the documents found so far tell us clearly that they were assigned bullfighting events in classical times to festivals and religious cults, which makes these celebrations a character that is beyond the scope of mere sporting event or profane.
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Off topic: given the proximity of the Christmas holidays, I want to wish everyone a few days of peace, happiness and with the times, work.

............... Merry Christmas!
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And, as is required, I urge the owners of copyright of the pictures I posted with this text that will allow me to maintain it with this blog because I have no profit, and the fact should have included them only want to provide their knowledge to users this page for a better understanding of the text.
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Remote Starter Causing Problems

Visit Greece "Zaharich" Casta Jijona

wanted the gods to the Nov. 27 rain in the Guadalquivir basin, and specifically, the lands of Sevilla province received, on average, the gift of fifty liters per meter square. Lora del Rio was no exception, and was also blessed with its share for water. And Zaharich ...

could have rained every other day, but not chosen by the gods was the same as we had agreed weeks earlier with the Miura family to visit its historic cattle ranch.

The effects of the weather phenomenon conditioned undoubtedly our visit to Zaharich, but did not prevent the day of November 27, 2010 go to swell my list of memorable dates.

Thus, when crossing the singular entrance gate I felt a shudder through my body, entered the estate of the Miura . And once we got to the farm, going to entrance courtyard, I could not help evoking the image of Don Eduardo Miura Fernandez with special pins. Yes Despite inclement weather, feelings flowed continuously.


These feelings, we were all struck by the wildness of the court, without any concessions to the gallery, so we suspect from the outset that the word has always had to be prevalent in livestock is "work." There, in Zaharich, since 1941, but in this ranching family since 1842, which was the year in which Don Juan Miura Rodriguez founded the herd.


After a few short minutes, we took advantage to peek at the stables, was made in the courtyard Don Manuel Garcia, the foreman, on horseback and wearing a rain poncho that left only her eyes exposed and little else. From his horse, given the weather conditions, we asked the question of rigor. And our answer was no less: " p'alante ."


Don Manuel took over the march, under that persistent rain composing an image that was shocking and, at the same time exciting. Opening and closing gates, came with us to the enclosures where the bulls out for next season. Nine runs, he told me, personally, eight, as we told everyone Don Eduardo Miura, who were sharing the impressions at the end of the visit.


Zaharich is a property of about 600 hectares, and the two enclosures that we are consistent: large, large, with boundaries which are partly lost in the gentle slopes that presents the field. Therefore, Miura were somewhat scattered and the overseer had to be thoroughly used to move them.


As is common in livestock, are the colors of the multicolored bulls from this litter, but attract the most attention are a few examples salineros. On


the makings, of course, are still to finish, and also got a bit cramped cattle from the rain. But they saw their usual shape: needle-high, long and with a large box, but not looking after the weight given in the scale, since they are not pot-bellied.

racial
A prototype seems to be set in cattle since 1854, which was when he finished making massive purchases of cattle, were implemented the first large selections and crossings were made more basic.

In this regard, we must remember that Don Juan Miura Rodríguez founded in 1842 with a cattle herd of Don Antonio Gil Herrera, originally Gallardo, and that seven years later, in 1849, he bought cattle from the same source to Jose Luis Alvareda. Subsequently, between 1850 and 1852, the herd was consolidated with the purchase of most of the cattle that had belonged to Jose Rafael Cabrera, whose origin became predominant in animal husbandry. And, finally, in 1854 included two stallions of Jose Arias Saavedra, who were chaste by the industry Vistahermosa Barbero de Utrera.

With these purchases in the space of twelve years was thus formed the basis of Miura. However, we must record that have been added other stallions, but the final aim was no longer changing the type of livestock, but temper their behavior.

Thus it is known from the incorporation of Navarra breed a bull named "Bat " that the right Lagartijo gave to Don Antonio Miura after deal in Cordoba and get his pardon. It was a copy bird's eye red and descended from the herd Pérez Laborda, although it bore the iron Joaquin del Val. In this case it is said that could influence the Miura appearance of red and brown fur.

is also known that another bull was added to the Duke of Veragua, although its influence in the herd had be low, as he died very soon following a fight with other bulls. Finally, in 1920 was included as a breeding stallion " Banderillero ", the Marquesa de Tamaron, Parladé mating. And there is talk of another one of the Conde de la Corte. From there, everything is on the family secret, as is the alleged incorporation of a stallion Palha in exchange for miureños that forged the famous Portuguese mating of livestock.


Returning to the visit, the heads of livestock often comment that Miura are very temperamental, so fights are common among them, hence that keep in large groups and not depart until a few days before the run. They also tend to comment that, for the same reason of its character, is very complicated the management of these bulls in the field, so it is not unusual to unforeseen occur breeders torn jeans and, indeed, strangers. And, by God, on our visit we had a good example of this. He walked the mayoral

regroup toiling in one of the groups, and all the animals seemed to move in the desired direction, when one of the bulls (which I will reserve the number you wore in the ribs to discourage prejudice), suddenly we came to us with tremendous speed and clear attitude of attack.


became evident that the fence prevented him from completing his intentions. But even so, continued to show defiant and aggressive, shaking his head repeatedly and trying to lift it over the fence even.


And not only came once. Because, although he returned with his brothers after the first arreón at any time ceased to measure ourselves, and repeated the ripped a second time.

was, without doubt, the story of the visit. At least, the most talked among ourselves.

So much so that it emerged the incident with Don Eduardo Miura, who came to meet us at the end of the visit. And, apart from us that was normal in livestock, he told us another story that related to, but goes back to 1910, more or less, and its star was the owner of other livestock: Don José Anastasio Martin.

There is, as Don Eduardo, who by the estate of Don Jose Anastasio used to go regularly "Recovered" (person who is engaged in the purchase of eggs, chickens and the like and then resell them), and one day I the farmer said: "Don José, is a bull, every time I come to his farm, I look down" . To which he replied questioned: "Wear chopper and crosses quiet" . Jugosísima

history!

As I said before, Don Eduardo Miura and later his brother Don Antonio were sharing with us and answered a few questions they did. The most frequent referred to the results of last season, prospects for the looming and, of course, to the contentious ban on bullfighting in Catalonia, Eduardo replied to the solvency and tables obtained along Breeder experience and positions of employment. It was the thread of the last issue of the farmer indicated when he referred to the world of festivals popular bulls. He said he and his brother are very supportive of this type of celebration, as bullfighting is only the tip of the large pyramid that makes up the world of bullfighting, but it all relies on a wide base, which is which form the popular bullfights. And that's why they always defend them.

was also raised the issue of European regulations on the wild cattle, based on the fact that it is included in the same group as all cattle, to which the farmer came to say yes it would be very interesting treatment specific policy for the wild cattle.

I can not fail to note that we were also in other units of livestock. Thus, we could see the long encerradero funnel that leads to the farm. Here, on the other hand, you can see a tile that recalls the bull which opened this encerradero called "Badger " shod with the number 66, which was encased on July 5, 1965 for run that dealt in Pamplona on 12 of the same year in the Festival of San Fermin.

was where the foreman told me that livestock is currently made up of about 650 cattle, of whom 260 were cows, belly and 8 bucks. And a curious fact: I explained that livestock is common for leaving litter more females than males, about 20 or so.

also allowed us to enter his property and very peculiar place of groping square. Thereon, the foreman told me that his way is due simply to the tradition. As in everything you do in this stud ...

Since the founding of Don Juan Miura and then run by his widow, Dona Josefa Fernandez, spending all that time to address the ever commented eldest son, Don Antonio Miura, who then also the regentaría. Continuing his younger brother, Don Eduardo Miura, one of the famous pin, which made the most important livestock of his time. Following the regency joint brothers and Don José Antonio Miura, who was continued Don Eduardo Miura, the son and nephew, respectively. To arrive at these dates, in which again two brothers, Don Eduardo and Don Antonio Miura are at the forefront of the most historic and charismatic of our wild herds. All of them followed the example given by his predecessors and sought to maintain traditional uses both of them learned how to line the historic cattle that were inherited.


When writing articles about visits to Zaharich is often used the term "legend" to apply to history, history and vicissitudes of the Miura, and is also very common the use of terms such as "legendary" and "mythical" applied to the bulls that are bred in the famed farm. But Miura are not fiction, nor its history as part of stories outside of historical time. As Rafael el Gallo said: "the Miura exist" . For this reason I have not used those terms in this text so common fantasy. When I think Zaharich Miura and prefer the use of terms such as criteria, work, loyalty and tradition, and when my retina is the image of a Miura: beauty, power and caste. Accomplished


visit, what we now hope that in the next 2011 can return to Pamplona to meet with six of the Miura had the fortune to see on his farm on 27 November. And, of course, to return one day the milestone on the road that Lora del Rio to La Campana marks the entrance to Zaharich.
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NOTE: As tokens of appreciation, in addition to the headlines, mayoral and cowboys Miura, I want to note that the authors of the photographs published in this field are: Miguel Pedrero, who played his machine damn rain that day, and Jesus Martinez, who has sent me the page reference from " elpuyazo.es ." Also is one of the undersigned.
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Spot With Red Circle On Arm?

Jijona caste Toro - Author: Paul Moreno Alcolado (oil on paper)


Origins

After a prehistoric pilgrimage from the Middle East to western the European continent, groups of cattle of Bos taurus were entering the Iberian Peninsula and were settled in different geographical areas. One of these regions seat was the Central Plateau, in the north and the south, occupying Duero river basin, on the one hand, and the Tagus and Guadiana, on the other.

For the many thousands of years that led to this process, and is large and diverse that it is the territory of the Central Plateau, it is logical to conclude that cattle that occupied it was not a single group and therefore not had the same morphology. In addition, the natural settings of wild cattle also saw altered by county from the Neolithic, with the introduction by humans domesticated cattle, the result of this process, as had been altered morphology. However, when the writers ranked the various original roots of the fighting bull, decided to include all groups in the center of the peninsula into a single branch, which they called "English roots."

seat map of the three roots of bullfighting (solid line) and location in the central plains south of the primitive herd caste Jijona


And if it seems that the differences were evident between the bulls the central plains of the northern and southern sub-plateau, you can also maintain that, within the latter, it must have bulls with a wide morphological conformation. Thus, if the bulls are bred on the banks of the Jarama were generally and among other features, black hair and horns short, as described by Jerome de la Huerta in the sixteenth century, in other areas of the southern sub-plateau bred bulls also had predominantly red coat would be and well-developed antlers. It is unknown whether

came to predominate in this vast territory the red-haired cattle, or whether, on the contrary, only they were located somewhere in the Montes de Toledo, Alcudia Valley or elsewhere in the foothills of Andalusia. But he says it was with red fur on animals with which they formed in the Guadiana valley one of the most renowned and charismatic founding breeds of fighting bulls, the "caste Jijona."
Casta

founding Jijona

The most widespread theory asserts that John Smith Jijón, exploiting the possibilities offered by his office of mayor in the herd of the Royal Heritage, founded around 1618 a herd in Villarrubia de los Ojos, selecting bulls Real de Aranjuez the herd that were characterized as being of great height, bulk lot, antler development and, very significantly, by having a red coat on.

The importance of the herd reached the successive generations of family farmers led, among other consequences, that red hair on the bull is known by the term "Jijon" after the principal name of the saga of farmers and, above all, their herd is the category of caste recognize the founding of the fighting bull, granting the name of caste "Jijona." Following

most widespread theory about the foundation of the breed Jijona, also said that it was John Jijón, a grandson of the founder of the herd, who actually selected the livestock and specifically devoted to breeding fighting bulls, setting further its racial prototype.

However this theory, this 2010 is published on this blog a documented study entitled "Bloodlines of the first breeders Jijona Toros ", in which the authors, brothers Naranjo Cecilio González Candelas and show that the majority theory must be revised. Toro

caste Jijona - Author: Paul Moreno Alcolado (oil on paper)


This study demonstrates, first, that no document exists in the Royal Heritage referring to the supposed position of mayor Juan Sanchez Jijón the herd Real de Aranjuez and therefore this is not the reason for creation of livestock.

In contrast, the study's authors have shown Villarrubia that there were two branches of the family surnamed Jijón that, historically, farmers were swine, sheep and horses, and that should be about half of the seventeenth century when they decided to enter the beef from their cattle, as they have documented a process increase of cattle owned vaccines between 1645 and 1657, and the lack of premises and parklands and specific for farming, so that livestock invaded the lands of farmers and Justice opened in those years Villarrubia two separate files against the two families of farmers. Thus, the founders or rather, the drivers of the herd of "Jijon" which is as they were known in the town, were the respective heads of families of these two closely related branches: on the one hand, Jijón Pedro Gonzalez, and, on the other, Juan de Salcedo Jijón (real name of this farmer, as the compound "Sanchez-Jijón" is an artificial added later).

Similarly, Naranjo brothers have also shown that these two branches of the family acted together in the management of livestock, so it must be said that their herds comprised a single holding. And they have proven that, through a policy of marriages between sons and daughters of this first generation of farmers, the administration continued operation of two of the respective successors and Juan Pedro Jijón Jijón, which had become brothers. Bibliography taurine

not attached to this second John Jijón no role in the history of livestock. Instead, the study's authors have proved that such contracts Jijón and his brother Juan Pedro Jijón and cattle destined for the fighting in 1678 and 1679, and that they should have the first breeders who have dealt with that surname in Madrid, specifically, September 25, 1679. And another significant fact which had to be at this time that the prototype had to be fixed racial caste Jijona.

Table generation of farmers by dividing the original Jijón
trunk Prepared Naranjo González brothers

Naranjo
According to the brothers to death in 1684 of the second generation of farmers, represented by brothers Pedro and Juan Jijón Jijón the livestock was divided among their respective successors, which have succeeded in drawing the family tree, and it follows a conclusion that is beyond question. As is well known, caste Jijona bulls were called the most famous branch of the family of John Jijón successors, who were the brothers John and Joseph Jijón, and then the children of the latter, Jose and Miguel Jijón. But also were Jijona cattle breed from the other side of the family, the hitherto unknown Jijón Pedro because it is located as Blas Jijón farmers and, above all, Dona Elena Jijón, and it is well known that livestock Jijona cattle breed had acquired Aleas and Gil Manuel Flores. Therefore, if you were Jijona breed cows of the two branches of the family Jijón, the logical conclusion is that we must agree that the prototype Jijona racial caste must be given by fixed before the herd were divided primitive. And, therefore, that honor should be given to the brothers Pedro and Juan Jijón Jijón, and before his death in 1684.


With this, the authors of this study documented dismantled the theory that until now dominated the whole bullfighting literature, claiming they were the brothers John and Joseph Jijón who set the prototype of the breed racial Jijona after receiving their livestock father's inheritance in 1684.


"Golden Age" of the breed Jijona and the sudden disappearance of the family of its founders

Jijón Shield of Salcedo. Photo: Fernando Beneytez Peñuelas


Returning to the study that underlies this entry, go back to quoting the time that the brothers Pedro Jijón and John Jijón die in 1684. It was then that he broke the great family arrangement which allowed for united most of the farm of "Jijon, and interests composing it were divided into three parts, at least.

1) A portion of the Jijón for Pedro was inherited by his son Christopher, who settled in Valdepeñas. The cattle of this line would pass to his son Juan Antonio Jijón, and this was followed by a daughter, Elena Jijón (which previously referred), which debuted in 1790 in Madrid. Elena died childless, she disappeared with this line of the founders of the breed Jijona, and cattle, possibly after passing Torrubia Benito, end up being acquired by Manuel Aleas and Gil Flores.

2) The other part of what Peter Jijón was inherited by his son Blas Jijón, which continued in Villarrubia. The fact that the cattle born in 1667 as written by Cossio rebate on that dealt in Madrid in 1654. When Blas Jijón really dealt with the Town and Court was in 1690, and it is known that around 1750 he did in Valencia Jijón his son Peter, who first succeeded to his herd. With livestock it was closed this other line of the founders of the breed Jijona, he died childless, and livestock industry would end up passing most famous family of Jijon (which see below), seeing thereby increasing the number of their cattle.

3) And finally, the part of John Jijón passed to his sons John and Joseph Jijón, who remained in Villarrubia. Never split the inheritance, but it was the larger of the two, John Jijón, who spent more work to the livestock of the most famous branch of Jijona therefore exceeded the age of eighteen of his brother, and he only had five when his father died. Therefore, until he reached adulthood, Juan Jijón began managing livestock on behalf of both. Moreover, as was Joseph who died first and their children were minors at the time, Juan Jijón again led administration alone from 1735 to 1743.

The latter period is the run that in 1737 he dealt on behalf of John Jijón in the first circular plaza built in Madrid, that of Soto Luzon, built by the Confraternity of the Sacramental de San Isidro.

After the death of the brothers John and Joseph Jijón, his sons Joseph and Michael, formed themselves into owners of the herd, although at that time were still minors, were the executors who began exercising administration. Later, after winning José Jijón to be granted the capacity to act, it was he who took the reins.

The livestock of this family branch reached the highest height of success and fame during the ownership of brothers Joseph and Michael Jijón, towering to the top livestock at that time. Countless evenings and successes dealt harvested. However, the relationship between the two brothers was very tense for the character of Joseph, reaching between them embroiled in litigation. So if at first it was announced livestock on behalf of Don José and Don Miguel Jijón; since 1766, following the breakdown in relations between them and, above all, of the ruling in a proceeding in which both parties were, Miguel Jijón became the sole manager of the herd and his name was announced until his death in 1791, unmarried and childless. Therefore, from livestock that year went entirely to Joseph Jijón, announcing his name.

Of the two family branches was only then José Jijón. Would marry, but it has done over seventy years and descendants tube. So, with him died the last representative of the founders of the breed Jijona.

Livestock was announced over a year on behalf of his widow, Dona Leonor Eagle, and then it became the name of this second husband, Don Eagle Barnabas. Finally, this foray into the world of politics brought into the marriage a serious deterioration of its assets, and this must be the cause of that, two decades later, his bulls began to be announced in the name of Don Manuel and Dona Manuela Gaviria de la Dehesa. Prototype


racial

Jijona caste Toro - Author: Paul Moreno Alcolado (oil on paper)


To date, the lack of documentary sources prevents us from knowing what was the origin of cattle that were used to create the herd primitive of "Jijon. This implies that they are only guesses ensuring that came from the banks of the Jarama, the herd Real de Aranjuez, the Montes de Toledo, Alcudia Valley or any other specific point in the southern sub-plateau.

And, similarly, would also be a simple theory stating that the cattle were jijona from the beginning, most of a given layer. However, the selection was made at some point in the history of this breed foundation, because if anything is characterized Jijona bulls breed descriptions of our literature is by its majority taurine reddish fur, from peach to brown but predominantly characteristically the red on.

also said that they were of great height, bulk and weight, and had a highly developed antlers and caramel tone.

My hypothesis of this whole set of notions, I have annotated Rafael Cabrera Bonet a comment made at a conference relating to those red bulls may not be far removed from the carcasses of race retinta who settled in the area especially south and west of the Iberian Peninsula, and might have risen to the Castilian-La Mancha region following the course of the Guadiana. Once

missing
farmers of the two branches of the family that founded the breed, their breeding planted with their blood many herds, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bColmenar Viejo, prompting the merger with the so-called "Bulls of the Earth" and helped to reach these new farms renowned successes in the nineteenth century. And is that the behavior of these bulls are adjusted in a very particular conception of the fight that prevailed at the time, based primarily in the first half, and coming out strong, tough and chewy, without being transcendent meaning tended to develop and become harsh and defensive depending on the third beam passed.

Through it, the bulls from that source ceased to be "appropriate" for the new design bullfighting based on the last third that evolved in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Then began crossing for farming, especially cattle breed Vistahermosa, and the resulting logic is derived from the absorption of blood joined the devastating consequences for all types of cattle led to the Civil War to cause the virtual disappearance of Jijona genetic load in our cabin brava.

That was almost unanimous belief until a few years ago, but Professor Javier Canyon, with genetic studies, has opened a window of hope for those interested in a future recovery.


NOTE:
I show my gratitude to the authors of the works and images published in this text for their selfless contribution. And, for that matter, I note that anyone intending to include them in other areas of the network must include authorship.

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Cheats For Pokemon Soul Silver On Mac Desmume

In Memoriam ( III)

........................ Photo: Rafael G. Riancho (Lunada)


In the life of a bull rider there are days when displayed in case, and with it the insecurity. So it appears as if the world saw the most terrible hit by storms. And those who have suffered the misfortune of a close companion has died as a result of their participation in a popular bullfights, we know very well that this is a moment in which a runner must face the hardest gale that never would have imagined . I'll plant it. So what you refuse to think systematically.

But finally, and although it may seem counterintuitive, the companions who let us end up becoming the biggest support for our fans, a landmark beloved. These comrades are erected in adversity with the same strength that makes it a coastal lighthouse, which at night or in the middle of a storm is always there: to help us, to cheer ... to admire.


All bull riders who have left us, and fans who have lost their lives by participating in a popular bullfights, ALL ...

.................... Rest in peace, comrades! Lagun

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Note: Clicking the link that is inserted in the name of Rafael G. Riancho , you can access the web where you published the spectacular and wonderful picture that heads this entry, and many more works of this great photographer. Who Please allow me to keep the photo chosen to illustrate this text, as with this blog I have no profit.

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Does A Cargo Van Fit Quess Aize Bed

Fira Onda 2010

Attend Wave Fira is to find you, not with the past, but which were always popular bullfights. But, in addition, there also get the conviction that the fans will never disappear from the Bull and run it on the streets.

can discuss many things from Fira, in fact the fellow that these days we are crew there so we did during the celebration of festivals and, especially, when we met for lunch. Might say, and would be easy, though sincere, that the most attractive of the Wave Fira is the fine appearance of the bulls are there and displayed. But as for me, personally, the more I was charmed to see the amount of children that were in the top of the cadafales. See their faces, their looks, their gestures of awe, admiration ... And the conclusion I got from this is that the Fair and popular bullfights have an assured future.

Now, concerning the true protagonists of Fira, the truth is that a wave goes TORO-TORO. This bull that no longer remember "The Magnificent Seven" who now are saving assumptions of bullfighting by the ministries of Interior and Culture. That bull fear both imposed fine appearance, both rennet and temperament both presented and proved out. For the bull, to be worthy of its ancient history, it must be so: it must be scary with his presence and have to be mobile and, above all, caste. These are the basic conditions to endure the Fiesta. Because the "other bull," we see every day along with bullfighters, what it evokes is one more of the lovely animals from Disney, and all it inspires is a pity. Hence, in that "other bull we want to "sell" from official bosses of taurine many of the problems currently experienced by bullfights.

But that's not the case of the Fira de Onda.

There, from the cadafales, children see and learn what a Toro. They see and capture as respects the bull. Observed and treated as servants, a clean body, able to stop a bull out. As you leave the pen or crate without prior probaduras or third beam in the middle. Using only the body, giving the chest, and without needing a large cloak with which to give a long changed. And I saw in the faces of those kids who dreamed of be the ones to within a few years cut, roll and stop the bulls with the same fine appearance.

There, the kids enjoy watching as a boy can stick with a cardigan, not a chaquetazo, but a lady veronica, tempered and finished to a bull that is only seen in Pamplona and some evenings in Madrid. And I saw in the eyes of these very young fans who they wanted to be in the future can make that throw. With a jacket or (who knows?) With a light coat and dress.

Finally, there, the children also attend the enclosure from the top of the cadafales. But in that case, I swear I could not noticing them when the race passed by my leg. However, I can imagine that these kids are also intended to run one day closures. Not when receiving the call from Toro, it can not then let them do it yet, but when permitted by the regulations.

And I could not imitate the kids during the course of closure because, if it does not fit all distractions closure, Groove, let alone for the fact that they have a fine appearance impressive bulls that are there should be added that races are usually very fast and very intense.

I do not know if it's because the flat profile of its travel by cadafales the start, by the constant variation of the width and configuration of the streets, by the constant changes of light or simply by the breed of cattle, the case is that wave, the pack usually runs at high speed, the bulls look a lot and it is normal that some broken settings the pack to get on the sidewalk of either side. Or both at once, with one animal per side while the rest of the pack is at the center of the road. Besides, the curve of virtually 180 degrees which leads to the final section of the confinement has a great technical difficulty and is very dangerous.


All this implies that the closure Onda very attractive for the corridor, while exciting and spectacular, but also committed and hard running. On this particular day of the 2010 edition in which the bulls staged a more vibrant and dangerous closure was Saturday, which ran five copies of Zalduendo and one of Santiago Domecq, in line, was also the day he races saw and lived most committed by the brokers. However, mention must be made fast and nice closure on Friday, played by six cattle ranching Lavi Hnos Ortega, all of a hair between red and brown, with many kilos and very fine appearance. The closer together and clear of all was that of Wednesday, with bulls from the Pizarral.

Regarding the tests, along with the animals that were run in the cages each morning in the Fira 2010 have shown a total of 28 bulls, which included copies of herds as prestigious as those of Victorino Martin and Juan Pedro Domecq. The latter was a beautiful cinqueño brown hair and a huge fine appearance. If you had to highlight the output of a bull, of which I saw that comment personally and colleagues at the table, we should mention the livestock of Manuel Villau, a specimen with a tremendous aloft and made a spectacular exit , full of speed and aggressiveness.


This set of characteristics of Fira, and especially the law of the fine appearance as of cattle each year cause us more runners from different regions, we decided to go to wave over the last week of October.

we reviewed in one of the meals, as well as runners from all over the Levant, in the last two days we had seen many fellow Onda Castilla y Leon: Segovia, Valladolid and Zamora, at least, to a large group of Madrid, and some Alcarrenian, a whole gang of Gipuzkoa and even some French comrades. That, at least. And although not my style, I would highlight for me was a source of great satisfaction to share once more career and even stretch this time with a Valladolid that long, is fully integrated into our group and that in all the running to where he goes, there are many, shows his quality and courage as a runner.

And I've made this personal statement because from here I want to encourage all women who inwardly closures averse to join this exciting hobby. Not only are welcome, is that in addition, their participation will benefit their own cages, they will improve their image among the least fans.


press releases from the organization reported that on Saturday, participants and spectators had been recorded about 10,000 attendees in the last round of closures of Fira. We know that these accounts are always approximated, but what is certain is that Saturday was packed throughout.


involvement and an expectation more than evident at noon, when the closure takes place and the first exhibition, but also evident in tests in the afternoon and, of course, on the night strokes.


Because Onda, and throughout the Levant, there is a real passion for bullfighting embolados. It's all a matter of worship. His conclusion is felt to be inseparable from the background cultural development of all of the company, and individual intervention in a stroke is a matter of pride for the direct participants, either piston to the bull, either by cutting the rope holding him to the post, either once coleándolo is released. This notion of collective and personal embolados bulls in the Levant and taught and showed me a friend in the past. And now, in the Fair, I have been confirmed.


I can only say that, while enjoying fantastic days in Onda, I have been fortunate to participate in their cages. I will never forget and I feel like sediment desire to repeat the experience. On the other side and also on a personal level Wave to these closures have had the good fortune to close with my 2010 season. A fact that leads me to remember the rest of my colleagues and the various circumstances in which they may encounter. Thus:

I want to share my sense of fortune with peers who have also finished their season well, or at least, without suffering serious injury. I send greetings to those others who have been injured and wish them a speedy and full recovery. Respect to the comrades who have suffered injuries as very serious, in principle, seem irreversible or difficult to recover, I send my most affectionate hug and my best wishes for the new horizon of life that lie ahead. Finally, to peers and fans who have had the misfortune to let us definitely on his participation in popular bullfights want to record the memories that I remember him ... And, of course, I anticipate that they will be dedicated to the next entry in this blog. Lagun

Smelly Urine When Taking Folic Acid

Vicente Blasco Ibanez, "Blood and sand "

Unlike what happens in our poetry, where all easy for us to enumerate a long list of illustrious authors that at some point in their careers were inspired by bullfighting theme in the novel are more difficult to develop a list of famous writers who have works with titles in its axis is inspired in the field of bulls.

Admittedly this, I must say that not a few English writers who have recognized a novel based around the world of bullfighting and the Fiesta. Thus, by way of example, Vicente Blasco Ibanez is the author of one of the most important novels of bullfighting theme throughout our literature "Blood and Sand" . And if you determine that this is not the best novel or taurine our letters can always be relativized by subjectivity, which can be affirmed is objectively which is what has contributed most to popularize in the whole world our Party. One fact that undoubtedly has been helped by its various versions and film adaptations.


Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (1867 - 1928)

birth Valencia, Blasco Ibáñez's biography is a combination of episodes that will combine its three major vocations: politics the journalistic and literary. These inclinations were fused along their life and made him a person of great vitality, very committed and a great writer.

As a politician, besides its youth initiatives, won record of Republican Congressman Valencia on several occasions. His political activity was so intense and radical who came to suffer arrests and deportations.

As a journalist, his greatest achievement was the newspaper El Pueblo . A newspaper Vicente Blasco Ibanez also used as a propaganda tool of the Republican political ideology and cultural training component, to be published in the literary works daily and weekly deliveries. This newspaper was very popular in Valencia, which had a significant influence since its founding in 1894 until its demise in 1939.

And as a writer, which is the aspect that concerns us here, Vicente Blasco Ibanez was one of the leading representatives of naturalism in English literature. Throughout his career comes across very clearly the succession of stages as a writer: Valencian novels, social, psychological, American, war, historical, adventure ... Among his most famous works include "Rice and trap" (1894), "The shack" (1898), "The orange" (1900), "Cañas y barro" (1902), "The Cellar" (1905), " The Horde "(1905)," The Naked Maja "(1906)," The dead rule " (1909), "The Argonauts" (1914), "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (1916) ... and, of course, on which we focus here: "Blood and Sand." A novel, single of his career, which is subject taurine.


"Blood and Sand" (1908)


Although some of the film versions of "Blood and Sand" yes you may incur more folkloric topics bullfights, we must make it clear first that the work of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez not, and is an excellent novel.

First because it has great quality from the strictly literary point of view. Blasco Ibáñez shown true to the naturalistic school, prevailing in the late nineteenth century, and presents a work with a thorough and objective descriptions, lively style and a remarkable sensitivity plastic.

Second, because the author is not content to show in the story the most famous chapter of our party, like the bullfights, but reflects all areas: the life of the bull in the field and their farmers, ranchers and cowboys, the courageous struggle of aspiring bullfighters, forged in weathers weathers, the sad existence that comes to professional career fail to succeed, the splendid life of righties who are fulfilled her dream of bullfighters, the work of subordinates, agents, businessmen and other professionals and employees associated with the celebration of the bullfights, relations with people male and especially female, that move in the environment of the Party and its main protagonists, and, of course, also reflected in the novel aficionados of all kinds and the public, such as mass, attended the festivities.

The inclusion of all this diverse set of characters with conflicting interests and sentiments, means that the novel offers an overview of the festival which is very rich in nuances.

And, without wishing to be exhaustive, thirdly, because the exposure of all the intricacies of the bulls is perfectly framed in a melodramatic tinge argument, which allows Vicente Blasco Ibáñez affect the interior of each character and in his psychological analysis. A novel feature that marked the period of his career that was written: that of psychological novels .

But in "Blood and Sand" also appreciate the traces they leave behind its earlier stages as a writer, to reflect the reality of English society, denouncing the evils that afflict the nation, and to provide a portrait of a region, in this case, the Andalusian.

Thus, as with all great literary works, "Blood and Sand" contains a variety of perspectives and many possible readings. Some see it as a description of the hero, there is one that fits like a sociology of bullfighting, and there are those who define it as a novel whose axis is not the world of bullfighting, but love, but framing it, yes in the atmosphere of the festival.


The argument is simple, but is made with great skill. The career of a matador, Juan Gallardo since its inception tiring, to times of splendor reputation as a top figure of bullfighting, the decline of art and contempt for the public, until his tragic death. His life as a man who goes from being a poor child a celebrity and wealthy, in luxury and prone to get out of wedlock few carnal pleasures you get from your position. And the clash between the two facets: the passion for bullfighting he feels Juan Gallardo collide brutally with passionate love for Dona Sol, an attractive woman, capricious and volatile, which will seduce you and then dismiss you as a lover, causing the collapse of the famous bullfighter's career and the breakdown of the marriage of the protagonist with his faithful and devoted wife, Carmen . And always present, the public " ... the beast roared: the true and only ... "Pick


Andrés Amorós in his book" Writers at the Festival "the following testimony of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez himself:

" I, who wrote the novel of bullfighting, very little like bullfights and people involved therein. "

Testimonials like this, in addition to the political ideals of the writer, have to say to many who Blasco Ibanez was bullfighting. Andrés Amorós, however, says in his work cited above that not easy to say exactly how much it was, not antituarino, but amateur. And, indeed, the reading of "Blood and Sand 'suggests that only a fan of the bulls can offer such a perfect and precious atmosphere that has the work, such a profusion of historical data on bullfighting, as detailed descriptions of some our bullrings or plastic representations of sets and tasks. It might all just be a product of thorough documentation previously treasured writers liked naturalism. You may, however that gives us wealth taurine, Blasco Ibáñez likes " little bullfighting "and that simply was not fond of them, but hard to believe that a whole bullfighting appropriate this work of art of bullfighting. Well, that's "Blood and Sand."

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
Although most do not expect that this novel set in the world of bullfighting, that alone is enough to place him on top of taurine literature.

why this text will be framed within the "Bull and Arts" in this blog, but at the same time, as this classification is given by a single work, will also be framed in the "Library." And now, which is short to the end of season closures, I strongly recommend you read.
. Lagun

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NOTE: Blasco Ibáñez's photographs are take of the web "Fundación Centro de Estudios Vicente Blasco Ibáñez ", which beg to be allowed to keep it public, because with this blog I have no profit.
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Free Jibjab-like Ecard

on helmet use in the running

already told us a fellow at lunch after one of the cages of the past sanfermines : that several brokers had been weighing the possibility of using helmet, and he had even begun to look at models.

That day we discussed the issue, although perhaps not as widely as it deserved. And, although I have a partner such as a serious and consistent with what he says, do not know if we were with him at lunch we came to believe at all that, finally, would do so in that time we were announcing.

My surprise was when I returned to find me in the closure of Iscar with fitted helmet to the head. And, of course, what surprised me was no longer view it in Sans with the aforementioned guard. He and at least a another companion.

Since then, several times had been tempted to devote an entry to this issue, in which I, personally, it was clear from the outset that I manifest itself in disagreement with the bulls running with a helmet. But always discarded the idea because I imagine what the reasoning which led to these two colleagues to take the initiative and did not know whether to open a debate.

And two years ago killed a member of our crew as a result of a head injury he suffered when struck her head on a closure of Las Rozas, and this year in Ciudad Rodrigo, another colleague suffered the same injury as a result of which remained for many days with a situation of extreme gravity, where, fortunately, managed to overcome.

is easy to imagine that these events caused many runners reflections, as surely was the case with these colleagues who have taken the decision to start wearing a helmet. Reflections, as they are personal, I deserve all the respect, but this particular decision seems contrary to the essence of our ritual of bullfighting and, if manipulated, could lead to changing the concept and nature of confinement.


My doubts as to address this issue faded to read in the last The number of Talanquera interview with a good friend, a big fan of bullfights popular and is also familiar corridor wounded in Ciudad Rodrigo. It recommends that all riders we use helmet closures, and makes the following reflection:

"... if many cages obliged to wear ... all those who come from the parties could not enter because no lead him, whereupon the street clean and safe ... "

Regardless of what everyone can think about the idea of \u200b\u200bwearing a helmet, on the assumption that payment for all the group provides that reflection is showing one of the errors of one-man decision to employ it. In reading this interview, and that reflection, I had no doubt that it was desirable to open the debate.


Closure, historically speaking, has always been defined as a popular celebration in which the participation of brokers is free and voluntary.

Well, when you mention those two characteristic features, freedom and voluntarism, usually only to realize that every runner must take the responsibility that comes with their decision to participate in an enclosure. But this only refers to the consequences of that decision. Conceptually speaking, which means defining participation in a voluntary closure as free is that anyone can do it whenever they want, which is a personal decision and that the organizer can not prevent anyone (except those that are physical or mental circumstances disabling conditions) or impose permit requirements based on, among other details, his clothing or his equipment (except where they involve an additional danger to himself and to other participants.)

is why that, by way of example, the Pamplona City Council has not taken the step of requiring the red and white dress running in their cages as a sector has been calling brokers. Although the current well Consistory in favor of that option, and in fact this year promoted a campaign to recommend it, know that your tax goes against the historical conception of the closure and, moreover, has no legal cover in its specific statutory decree to claim it.

But that's what happens in Navarra. Competition rules on popular bullfights for each autonomous community and there are several cases in which regulations, following the trend marked in the Community of Madrid, has laid the basis for the closure could leave be voluntary and free to set its provisions the power to require prior registration of brokers. From there to lay down requirements to be met by participants who enroll, such as the color of clothing or a helmet, you only need a municipal side. In that moment would have clinched with notes historical characteristics of voluntary and free.

That way, fortunately, has not yet occurred in Spain. But ...

Because the televising of the running of Sans Antena 3 is clearly made for improvement, it has not leaked to the public and the media that this year there were at least two runners who used to run on those old bulls. But I'm sure that if these colleagues are using it in the next sanfermines , then yes there will be television footage of them in a special program to issue BBC1. Repeated close-ups. Similarly, I'm sure these images will cause the opening of a debate in this program on the personal safety of runners. And I do not want to imagine the trend and the impact that these images reach our "friendly" Tele 5 and Antena 3. Nor do I want to imagine their "debates."

If, in line with those images, "Telecirc" and "Dapena 3" will endeavor to make the wearing of helmets by all riders, I have no doubt that soon will show an council that, having legal coverage in autonomic regulation and with the excuse to increase security in their cages, to establish the obligation of prior registration as a requirement fijase helmet use for all riders. A success

: cages where only participating brokers ready for it, well trained, experts and everyone in town.


What's next?

Pulling irony, or science fiction, I propose that the famous sports brand pants A. .. "ACME" were manufactured with a layer of Kevlar to minimize the risk of the runners gored bull. Also their shirts. For that matter, instead of those ugly bumpers, which was implanted the helmet.

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Thus, if all bull riders we presented us with a look similar to the "stormtroopers", we would solve two problems at a stroke: finally solving the issue of anonymity of the closure and minimize any injuries. I would still bet it all, but just a little.


magical thing, and dramatic, the bullfighting ritual is that each one of them holds a representation of life over death, in which the matador tries to overcome this challenge with courage, with wisdom ... with art, if possible, and the bull riders also a clean body.

Today, the bull continues to manifest in the ritual of closure as it did before, as it always did, and my opinion is that runners must also introduce ourselves as always did: no tricks. If we do, we will be betraying the Bull, because he himself gives us everything we are distorting the ritual, we will be distorting. The rite will be gone forever and what we will be playing a role in a mere spectacle, a show.
. Lagun

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Note on Names of our peers. As you have seen, I have not given any name, and pray that those comments do not let him do; not even those directly involved, which I ask you to speak in third person, as if you were giving your opinion.
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Virtual Plastic Surgery Online

Mario Vargas Llosa NOBEL LITERATURE PRIZE THIS YEAR 2010.

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Peruvian writer today English citizen, Mario Vargas Llosa has just won the Nobel Prize for Literature and is therefore extremely happy and especially surprised.
"I think a writer should not think of the Nobel Prize because it is bad for prose," said Mario Vargas Llosa in an interview in 2006.
After being mentioned as a favorite for decades, now returns to Latin America, the prestigious Nobel Prize for Literature.
Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa was born in Arequipa in 1936 and was naturalized English in 1993. Cultivated journalism, film criticism, art and other activities, he ran for the presidency of Peru in 1990.
What distinguishes innovation introduced in realist novel, in works like "The City and the Dogs," "The Green House" and "Conversation in the Cathedral."
Earlier in 1995 he received the Cervantes Prize, the most prized literary award and distinction in the English speaking world.
is the sixth Latin American writer who comes from the Swedish Academy on "Nobel Prize in Literature."

---- American As we rejoice in the distinction, and unite our joy to the brotherly peoples of Peru and Spain.

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Sincerely, ALF, the Guadalajara, and close pending anniversary celebration of his beloved generation of always remembered:

"Institute of Sciences, Jesuit College.

Vintagestereoreceiver

Confinement in the Madrid de los Austrias. Toledo Street tour.

Puerta de Toledo (1865). Photo Laurent ( Flickr: Photo Nicolas1056 ).


In the earlier chapters of this series on the bulls through the town of Madrid we have seen, first, the tour Main Street, which was the classic, habitual de la Villa y Corte, and then a alternative route along the street of Alcala that was used, at least in 1626 and 1627.

As you can see, the first part of the title of the various chapters of the series is common, and reads: "Confinement in the Madrid de los Austrias" . With that, I do not mean much to the fact that so far we're going up, at least to the seventeenth century, when the reigning monarchs in Spain of the House of Austria, but rather that these two courses passed (in the first case) or terminate (in the second) the neighborhood in the capital is known for: the Madrid de los Austrias .

and clarify this because in this third chapter we will try a third route that was used for holding cages that also runs through the Madrid de los Austrias, but which was used at a time when those who Spain and the Bourbon dynasty reigned.


In 1749, the reign of Fernando VI de Borbón, was erected in Madrid bullring the first stable and permanent materials. Was located in a were close to the Puerta de Alcalá, between the present streets of Claudio Coello, Conde de Aranda and Serrano, practically glued the Retreat. Obviously, since then, the necessary and after closure of the cattle that were to elapse deal left down Main Street.

However, for some solemn celebrations of the royal family still kept choosing the Plaza Mayor and the scene of some bullfights. And to do so, it was necessary to carry out the closure of the cattle on a journey that culminates in that scenario.

What was the route chosen closure to hold bullfights in the Plaza Mayor at the time of the Bourbons?

At least, in separate series of bullfights held in the Plaza Mayor of Madrid in the years 1803 and 1833, the route chosen for closure was not the classic main street, but other than that was enabled for these occasions: the street Toledo.



King Charles IV found that in July 1803 royal celebrations were held in Madrid for the marriage he had contracted the Prince of Asturias Don Fernando de Borbón, who later would rule with the name of Fernando VII. And, amongst others, were scheduled three bullfights in the Plaza Mayor for 20, 22 and 27 (Francisco López left, in his book "Plazas de Toros de Madrid and other places that ran" , mentions it was fourth bullfight on July 30). As

Since in one of those acts the main street was part of the route would follow the royal entourage to move from Palace to the church of Nuestra Senora de Atocha, have considered that a Talanquera could tarnish the decorations and repairs to which had been decorated this route, so that the City of Town and Court decided to change the traditional route closure of cattle were to deal in those days and enabled other than the streets of Toledo.

Bando also correspond to the City Council for the development of the closures of these parties, which was issued on July 16, 1803 and released two days later. Your header is clear those closures took place overnight on 19, 21 and 26, from noon, and in the articles makes the following provisions:

"I. - No person, of any kind and condition it will be from noon in front of each of the three aforementioned nights on the street where the bulls are to lead, to be from the door of Toledo to the Square of barley, and from there, on the same street, the Plaza Mayor, taking care to withdraw all their houses or rooms without leaving a horse or walking this race, nor with a pretext of fans, as to make the cages are intelligent person appointed to be met so that they can only check without getting pregnant. II.-Absolutely

prohibits its side streets, on balconies and windows of the houses are removed lighted torches or other lights, give shouts, whistles, or make noise while moving cattle, or throw sticks or stones, for the contingency that is lost or cause damage, ensuring parents and householders that their children and servants are included in those hours.

III.-A tenants of low and main rooms of each and every one of the houses and streets expressed handles at 12 o'clock in the aforementioned three nights have closed the doors of the gates, preventing him and is prevented neighbors of the other rooms and suites above who can not stop because of any violation that is in this ruling would be taken. So have to see the waiters and innkeepers who are included in those streets.

IV .- To forestall any further damage or injury, particularly if you go back the cattle, seek with care the owners of the hounds, greyhounds, mastiffs and any other breed, tied them in their homes, without letting go any circumstance, on the assumption that if a mandate to conflict is so necessary in the case, to proceed as appropriate.

V. - The workers who remain in the said three nights to take care of the stands and gates Square, as well as the ministers of justice who are running around to enforce these precautions and others that are sent in the Proclamation of June 14, will be able stand in those lines, and the neighbors out on the balconies of the houses without lowering it, watching what is referred to as to not get lights, shouting, whistling or making other noise, subsisting absolute necessity smoking ban, lighting tinder, and all precautions against fire that expresses the said Bando .

All these precautions should be observed until the bulls are kept in their respective bullpens, and the oxen have left the population, and verified that is, parents and masters prevent their children, servants and boys from their homes that do not go to the bullpen, or come with sticks or poles, being easy to introduce by the boards of the beams and tables cause problems, and so that any alleged ignorance is fixed this, compliance with which celled by the ministers of my court. Madrid, July 16, 1803 .- D. Juan de Morales .- D. Francisco de San Martin and Silica. "


On the other hand, for the Jura of the Infanta Dona Isabel Maria Luisa of Bourbon as heir to the crown (which would agree with the name Isabel II), the Royal House scheduled a series of institutional events and found that some celebrations were held commemorative. Among the first was the very Jura, which took place on June 20, 1833 at the Monastery of San Jerónimo el Real (Los Jeronimos ), so Main Street was part of the route traveled by the royal entourage. And among the festivities were scheduled three bullfights for 22, 23 and 25 of that same year. So, as happened in 1803, the City Council of the Town and Court decided that the street was used as a route closure Toledo.


As in the other tours we've seen in previous chapters of this series, street Toledo could also be present scenario of confinement in Madrid, for virtually meet all requirements under the current regulations of the Community.


As seen in the aerial photo, breadth, running from the Puerta de Toledo to the Plaza Mayor, devoid of sharp curves, so that the configuration of the pack would depend mainly travel altimetry.

Sections (approximate measurements through Google Earth):

01 ... 090 m. ... 6.7% ... Free Zone
02 ... 330 m. ... 3.3% ... C / Toledo
03 ... 390 m. ... - 0.7% ... C / Toledo
04 ... 140 m. ... 5.7% ... C / Toledo
05 ... 050 m. ... 0.0% ... Plaza Mayor


This journey through the streets Toledo has a first meters with a very good slope, which could be used as a zone free of runners, but then stabilized at 3.3% slope to reach the Plaza of the Barley. From there, the road traces a gentle curve to the left and the profile becomes almost flat. Finally, the last meters of the course will progressively steeper until you get to the Plaza Mayor, which would cross to the site of this imaginary arena always presented before the house of the Bakery.

The only point of the route that could present a problem regarding the requirements of the Regulations of People's bullfighting Community Madrid would be the section between the streets of Concepcion Jerónima and Imperial, as the tunnel from the Main Square parking reduces the width of the street Toledo and may not reach the required six meters.

However, we may be unattractive to a journey from the point of view of the dynamics of a closure, but it is undeniable that it has sections that could be ideal places for big races. And, of course, as always, the grandeur of the arched entrance to the Plaza Mayor gives his final installment of indescribable beauty. Many sites would like to have a tour like this, and brokers Madrid closures so would if they were offered the opportunity dreaming of a prison in the capital.


Finally, this journey through the streets Toledo, we've seen three (as far as I know) historically were used to perform those closures in Madrid bullfights held in the Plaza Mayor until 1846 . And they are: the Main Street, which was the usual and the streets of Alcalá and Toledo, which were used as alternatives in 1626 and 1627, the first, and in 1803 and 1833, the second.

I know that at times it was thought certain other alternative routes, as in 1664, which sought to make the street closure Ambassadors, or in 1680, which was proposed to enter from Atocha Street. But I have no evidence to date is that these streets were to be honored finally over Toro for his floor.
. Lagun

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